Very briefly:
First things first: Different countries and regions in the world have different periods of art history. It takes a big book to discuss them all. (David Piper’s book is excellent, forgot the name of it!) I will deal with western art, just because it’s the type I know best.
Early man: Lascaux cave paintings. Aboriginal art. Stencils, chalk. Early colors were discovered, mainly ochres.
Greek ‘period’ : Things like this : 
(this is Laocoon and his sons, a tale extracted from the Iliad)
Also discovered during this period was mosaic and basic wall art with egg tempura added to the ochres mentioned above. This was also added to the colors discovered by the egyptians, including the blues of the lapis lazuli and turquoise)
After the glory of ancient greece and mesopotamia fell, most art dealt with religious themes, lots of wall paintings.
…until the huns invaded the east. Then a lot of scholars from the east fled to Florence, thus influxing the city with an unprecendented wealth of knowledge. The position of florence (trading city) and its universities meant that it quickly became the cradle of the renaissance and the humanist movement. The humanist movement celebrated the achievements of humans and clamored for the renaissance (or ‘rebirth’) of the glory of ancient Greece. Masaccio ‘discovered’ perspective.
This gave rise to the Renaissance (think :
Michelangelo…and Leonardo, Raphael and that endless list.
The renaissance was fueled mostly by the church and lay patrons.
The renaissance ‘grew’ into the mannerism movement, i.e-

Darker paintings, lengthened limbs. This was taken up later by El Greco and other artists from throughout europe.
Meanwhile, up in the netherlands and Germany, they were being influenced by the renaissance/mannerism movements and produced baroque:

Which was a rather more contemporary, detailed version of mannerism. Baroque is known for its rich, deep colors. Caravaggio and Rembrandt are prime examples.
After Baroque came Neo-Classicism. This was mostly in France-
Ingres and David.

(by Ingres)
Part 2 coming soon!