As others have posted previously, banding is an effect of several combined factors: the colours used, the hardware (especially cheaper tft’s), etc. For example, I recreated your gradient, and using black on a dark blue background with a brush that size, there just aren’t enough hues in 8bit to make a smooth blend. The screen technology used may even exasperate the problem: in my case I use both a high quality LaCie crt, and a high quality tft screen (which is able to produce 100% srgb after calibration) - low and behold, the banding is much less pronounced on my crt, because its hardware is able to display a wider colour gamut (range). I added 0.33% monochromatic noise in Photoshop, which got rid of most of the banding, even on the tft screen. Adding some noise to the background color BEFORE applying the brush works quite well too.
When you start working in 16bit or 32bit, Photoshop does have enough hues available internally to make a smooth blend between the dark colours you chose - however, the screen hardware is still limited, and will not be able to visualize those smooth blends. Internally they are, though.
I remember working in Art Department Pro on the Amiga: although the software was able to work with 24bit images internally, my Amiga’s video hardware couldn’t cope with that, and showed the images with a maximum of 256 colours onscreen. In the end, the final output is dependent on the limits of your output hardware - actually printing your example image would most likely only worsen the banding effect (well, depending on the print technology used).
So, to resolve this:
- try not to use gradients that blend two dark colours that lie close together in large untextured areas. Bright colours are less problematic in this case.
- Introduce a third or fourth colour to add range to your gradients.
- add noise and other textures to break up the smoothness, which will hide the banding
- work in higher bit modes, which do produce better looking gradients; however, be aware of the limits of screen and print technology
- colour calibrate your screens using a hardware solution: non-calibrated screens may worsen visual banding
- remember that, although you might see the banding in 16bit/32bit mode on your screen, INTERNALLY it’s non existent or negligible.
- use a high quality graphic design crt, rather than a lcd
PS the images you posted were saved as jpg’s - bad idea, because it actually worsens the banding effect due to compression artifacts (depending on compression quality).